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But notice that the objects being spoken about must have already presented themselves to us in some fashion in order for our statements to be made about them i.e. Opinion is the handing over of knowledge through language and what the thing is that is handed over. This revealing or bringing out from concealment of what has been buried is the correctness of our representations or what we have come to call the correspondence theory of truth. I have a hard time distinguishing between added value and branding when I attempt to understand the concept myself. There are few who would claim to have knowledge of what is going on in modern arts circles is another example. Plato examines the relation of the body to the soul under the themes of illness and deformity in his dialogue Sophist. fides} is the affirmation of, or conviction regarding, the truth of a proposition, whether or not one is in possession of evidence adequate to justify a claim that the proposition is known with certainty (the principle of sufficient reason). We may all have private experiences that are unique to us and that we consider knowledge, but unless they are shared with others, we cannot be secure that they are knowledge. Your response to this prompt will depend on the areas of knowledge that you choose your objects/images from. The author How so? This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. 128 7 Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. An adequate or good explanation usually suffices to end the ire of that tyrant that calls himself/herself a teacher! Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? The handing over of knowledge is done through language and this language may be in the form of speech, numbers, or images/representations. Adherents of the same world-picture may hold different world-views and enter into conflict employing the weapons supplied by their common world-picture. If you know something, it will always integrate with more knowledge if you attain it. Just as Artificial Intelligence machines arrive at their conclusions that are held in their programming (producing a haiku, for example), you too will also produce an outcome based on your chosen prompt in the manner of how you will examine your three images or objects; and like an Artificial Intelligence machine (to use a metaphor), you will produce a pre-programmed response though you may not be consciously aware of this. Hence the gigantic of planning and calculating. Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their. But the end for the Greeks was to demonstrate why their trust was an appropriate response to the things that are and this trust overcame the doubt and skepticism that initiated their search for knowledge. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. The why and the how, as well as the what are explained and this is usually indicated by our use of the word be-cause, the cause is. why must a reason be explicitly brought forward i.e. 2, AOK: Individuals and Societies: Supplementary Notes, AOK History: Thoughts on Systemic Racism in North America, https://open.spotify.com/show/1qLxnSGpz4EeLeWZqjXmwt, A Reading of William Blakes The Tyger: Technology as Knowing and Making, Deconstructing the November 2018 Prescribed Titles for TOK Essays, TOK: Deconstructing the November 2017 Titles, It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can be, Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. An exact science leads to an exact machine technology. The concreteness of the Exhibition itself is a product of your work and you will provide the first order descriptions of the images and things you have chosen. Certainly, any sane person will see the improvements in various technes or arts and crafts as improvements in knowledge. Anyone who has been ill or has had loved ones who have been ill could not but be grateful for the improvements that have occurred in the medical sciences such as the discovery of penicillin. What is a sufficient reason? The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. But such a venturing is necessary if one truly wishes to engage in a search for the truth of things. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). 15. In TOK we are asked to put questions to what we think we know and how we think we know. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? We do not have certainty regarding our knowledge of nature, but we do have dependability and we can count on the results we achieve through our inquiring and experimentation. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. 32. r/IBO. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. Human being projects itself in its own project. An examination of the characteristics of the types of knowledge has been undertaken in greater depth on this prompt in this blog: https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part V: The World as Life and Becoming: Darwin and Nietzsche: Part VI: What is Practical Need? We establish values for a reason, and that reason has to do with who we are. His original term was areteor what we have translated as virtue, and knowing oneself was to have knowledge of ones possibilities and potentialities. It is commonly understood that people who are more knowledgeable in political realm. We get together and discuss TOK Exhibition Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. Objects are shorn of their essences and regarded as mere individuals (or ones/units) conforming to mathematical regularities. 194. You might wish to consider how IT managers and creators mold our acquisition of knowledge by how they portray information as knowledge and how our language is being formed and manipulated by what is considered knowledge through this technology of the helmsmen. The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Second order claims are claims that are made about knowledge, and you will have to deal with these in evaluating the importance of the claims that you will be making. Whether we are speaking of the cherry tree in bloom in the streets or the David that was once hidden in the marble and now stands in Florence, producing knowledge involves a great deal of our time as human beings both in our work and our play. may establish new rules or laws, and may clarify the existing rules or laws in relation to any objects or phenomena examined i.e. One can experience fear, for example, by feeling it or by witnessing it. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. Such a rendering needs a place where the account can be given and rendered. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. In connection with the historical development of natural science, things become objects through reason; they become material, and a point of mass in motion in space and time and the methodology used pursues the calculation of these various points. Adequate is a synonym for sufficient, so evidence is considered adequate when sufficient reasons are provided for the judgements that are made; and when these are provided, they are considered good evidence. We call them universities but this is a misnomer. Knowledge somehow breaks the. Here in Bali, the gods choose to show themselves more favourably so that a Balinese person would have no trouble concurring with the ancient Greek Heraclitus that everything is full of gods. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. What does this mean?What you are attempting to do is to render completeness to the reasons that you are giving for those objects/images that you have chosen. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. The doing and making of technology, what we understand as instrumentality, is secondary to how technology determines what a being or thing is in the first place. New knowledge can't override the old. This type of speaking in under great threat in todays world. Our modern scientific knowledge in the form of quantum physics demonstrates that what has been traditionally understood as certainty regarding knowledge of nature and inquiries into nature is not possible. it is the point of something, the purpose or end goal of something from which we can add up the parts to make a whole. This fundamental experience of how things are comes to determine for us the manner in which we look at and experience the things we encounter here in the modern age. The difference between one concept of greatness and another is not, however, a quantitative, but also a qualitative difference. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. Knowledge and politics Press to see Commentary 1 -The caste system caused a division between Indians. Correctness is being directed toward something, making statements that are fitted or suitable for the things that are spoken about. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. Sickness in the soul is determined to be an insurrection that results when the mode of comportment of the soul comes into conflict with another mode of comportment; we might call this a conflict of conscience. Change being negative and positive. In asking the question why do we seek knowledge, we are asking what is the reason that our being is grounded in the principle of reason. 20. It is this that we call understanding. You will then find three objects or images of objects that relate to this prompt and develop your interpretation accordingly. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. How can we know that current knowledge is an improvement upon past knowledge? Can we do it is prior to should we do it, for we have lost any sense of should. This merging and movement towards fascism, where the political leaders interests are considered as the public interests, is a worrying trend not only in America but in all parts of the world today. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. This choice of images or objects is your own, but the truth and knowledge in the representational thinking regarding their relation to each other will not be of your doing or making. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. The emergence of the world-picture and the knowledge and culture derived from it involves an essential decision about beings as a whole. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. Those who are affectively motivated to form beliefs independent of conceptual coherence will have little motivation to revise those beliefs in light of new ideas that could increase coherence. 30. Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance in the light of which humans make or produce things and can take a stand at all towards things. We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. which is its completeness of the calculably secure establishing of objects and the securing of the calculability of our reckoning with them. Technology is a theoretical,not a practical affair. 16. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. when so much then so much. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? See prompts #19, #31.When we speak of grounds, we are speaking about whether the evidence or the explanation regarding the thing which is being spoken about is adequate or justified. The tools are antecedent to our viewing of the world as technological and they can only produce or allow us to acquire what is called knowledge in a pre-determined manner, a manner which produced the tools themselves in the first place. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. Bookmark. In determining the importance of the various tools that you may be choosing for your Exhibition, you will be making what is called a first order claim. 4. Why is an alternative approach necessary? are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. It is through the original unconcealment of things which allows us to do anything whatsoever: in order for us to do anything, to act upon anything, to stand in relation to any being, it must have been disclosed to us in advance what a being is in general. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). Technologys erosion of human being and its enclosing of the world (the opposite of disclosing) are offset by its ability to give us experiences. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. Some discussion of the certainty and reliability of mathematical knowledge will be required. Tautologies are prominent in modern day computer language. This is the contradiction we live within. the soul that is not prepared for it and does not possess genuine education. Doubt was a requisite for thought for it inspired wonder. Other connotations of the word imply some things importance or value such as a disputed goal in football where we say the goal counts i.e. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. The purpose for this writing on these prompts is to provoke thought regarding our understanding of what the key concepts contained in the prompts might mean. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. Your email address will not be published. What this definition indicates is that the production of knowledge is what the Greeks called techne, and in all of those prompts that speak of the production or producing of knowledge we can be certain that the technological viewing of the world is at play. How might the context in which knowledge is presented influence whether it is accepted or rejected? What the light of a project reveals are possibilities captured in the interpretation. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. v) Shakespeares Macbeth is not a play about ambition: Shakespeare is not against ambition; it is a play that concerns the outcomes of the illness that at times accompanies ambition and the ambitious. Infatuation is that love of the beauty which is in the eye of the beholder. pistis [pstis]; Lat. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. 15. It becomes something subjective. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. Since this is its concern, it is subject to interpretation. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. 19. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. An appropriate question to ask is whether or not a dialectic is possible on todays social media and what possible consequences are present. This reign of the object as material thing, as the genuine substructure of all things, reaches into the area that we call the spiritual; into the sphere of the meaning and significance of language, of history, of the work of art, and all of the areas of knowledge of TOK. 21. When we say that science is the theory of the real, we are saying that science is the viewing that allows the interpretation of the being of things to be objects and to be understood as reality. (cf. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. These multivarious approaches or methodologies are determined a priori by the principle of reason. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. In your study of Group 3 subjects, you will hear both the words culture and world-view said often. The axioms, principles, rules, laws, etc. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. 24. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? Do we really know what we mean when we say counts? Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. In the most general terms (and as a second order inquiry) the production of knowledge that results from such viewing is the determination of the being of things as objects. What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability? William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). Because reason is aratio,an account, if it is not given a judgement remains without justification. Ancient and medieval human beings were not subjects: The worlds becoming a picture is one and the same process as mans becoming a subjectum among beings. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs tok The Mayan calendar consists of multiple cycles of different lengths. Whence means from where, when and speaks of the origins of the thing in question. A contradiction is impossible. 12. It was done and we live with the reality of their presence. It must be that we feel that we have nothing to learn from the thinking that occurred before this time, or perhaps we feel that we already know the discussions that the great minds undertook regarding things in the past and that we can learn about them but not from them. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? TOK. This prompt is covered in greater depth under #17. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. Experiment and experience were once contrasted with the medieval practice of examining authorities and previous opinions. Herein arises the role of algebraic calculation: everything counts as existing when and only when it has been securely established as a calculable object for cognition. The exhibition, understood as both a noun and a verb, aims to assess how you can apply TOK concepts to the real world by requiring that you bring to presence, bring out of hiding and to hold out, ex-hibit, evidence of your ability to discourse on the subject matter that you have been studying and questioning in the course. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Every posing of every question takes place within that which is granted to us, our legacy, in its very presence in who and what we think we are. 23. veers round into a quality of its own and then it becomes incalculable (Heidegger). A world-picture, on the other hand, comes from the German Weltbild, a picture [BiId] of the world. Experience is at first passive: we come across something without going in search of it. 27. This prompt and topic is dealt with at greater length in the following links:CT 1: Perspectives (WOKs). A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. These are subsets of the political in its essence. For more on the way of knowing involved in techne see the following links: Teacher What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. This gathering and laying is a reciprocal relationship, a two-fold back and forth relationship involving both you as knower and the things that you know, the images or objects you have chosen. What counts as good evidence for a claim? If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. Experience, like all basic words, changes its meaning over history. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. In exploring the word culture, we must understand that world-view and world-picture are not interchangeable as to their meanings. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. Once again remember that technology is the theory not merely the instruments that technology has produced i.e. Notice the relation to prompt #1 and prompt #3: usefulness is that knowledge which may be counted on and relied on and, thus, may be found in our mathematical physics, etc. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. 8. This is known as the correspondence theory of truth. This is what Kant called his transcendental method. It is an infatuation with immediately given appearances on the basis of which all further experiences of the world are investigated, inquired about, and explained. What is the truth that we are lacking in what we hold up as knowledge? Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes.